34, 26, 12
A malposition can be clinically silent and found only by imaging; leaving a functioning malpositioned cannula can be a deliberate risk-balance decision when manipulation carries greater hazard and support is short.
None
PMID 30250343; PMC6146273 (abstract only in PMC)
Venous cannula found in an accessory hepatic vein on day 8 by ultrasound; repositioning deliberately deferred.
Single case report; full text not available in PMC; outcome details not in abstract.
Malposition produced no disturbance of ECMO venous return. Moving or replacing the cannula judged high-risk for hepatic laceration and haemoperitoneum; repositioning deferred until day 10 when the ventricular defect was repaired and ECMO weaned. At insertion, TEE showed the tip in the IVC but not the right atrium; authors state wire visualised in IVC but not RA is insufficient. Indexed with MeSH Fatal Outcome; abstract does not relate death to the cannula.
Single case: 70-year-old on femoral venoarterial ECMO for refractory post-infarction cardiogenic shock.