Tanaka S, et al. Venoarterial ECMO for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective study comparing the outcomes of fluoroscopy

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Supports the direction of benefit for wire-path imaging but cannot quantify it. Not a basis for any numerical claim.

Cannulation without fluoroscopy

DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24565

Fluoroscopically guided cannulation

Very small effective sample; extreme interval width implies sparse strata; single centre; confounding by system maturity is unaddressed.

Adjusted odds ratio 9.92, 95% CI 2.04 to 81.2, favouring fluoroscopic guidance. NUMERICAL AUDIT FLAG: the interval spans a fortyfold range; the direction is used in this book and the point estimate is not.

Adults undergoing ECPR cannulation, single centre